How does precipitation hardening create high strength for this steel series?

The manufacturing process first carries out high-temperature solution treatment to fully dissolve copper, niobium or aluminum into the uniform metal matrix, followed by rapid cooling to lock a supersaturated solid solution. Subsequent low-temperature aging triggers tiny nano-sized intermetallic particles to precipitate evenly along grain boundaries. These dense precipitates hinder dislocation movement under external force, drastically lifting tensile strength, hardness and fatigue resistance. This hardening method brings far less dimensional distortion compared with quenching martensitic stainless steel.